We use quotation marks “……………………………………” and it should be word for word.
Example : Rivan said “she’s smart”.
Or
“She is smart”, Rivan said.
Indirect speech
refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t
use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have
to be word for word.
Example : Rivan said that the girl is smart.
When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in
this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these
cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the
main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another
past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.
Verb
tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech.
Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for
examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.
|
Direct Speech
|
Þ
|
Indirect Speech
|
Simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day. |
Simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day. |
Present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day. |
Present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day. |
Past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day, |
Future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Would + verb name
He said (that) he would go to school every day. |
Future (going to)
He said, “I am going to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Present progressive
He said (that) he is going to school every day. |
Past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day | ||
Direct Speech
|
Þ
|
Indirect Speech
|
Auxiliary + verb name
He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?” |
Þ
|
Simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school. |
Imperative
He said, “Go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Infinitive
He said to go to school every day. |
*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is
used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the
clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of
embedded questions.
The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.
|
Direct Speech
|
Þ
|
Indirect Speech
|
Simple present + simple present
He says, “I go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Simple present + simple present
He says (that) he goes to school every day. |
Present perfect + simple present
He has said, “I go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Present perfect + simple present
He has said (that) he goes to school every day. |
Past progressive + simple past
He was saying, “I went to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Past progressive + simple past
He was saying (that) he went to school every day. |
Past progressive + past perfect
He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day. | ||
Future + simple present
He will say, “I go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
Future + simple present
He will say (that) he goes to school every day. |
Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.
|
Direct Speech
|
Þ
|
Indirect Speech
|
can
He said, “I can go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
could
He said (that) he could go to school every day. |
may
He said, “I may go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
might
He said (that) he might go to school every day. |
might
He said, “I might go to school every day.” | ||
must
He said, “I must go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
had to
He said (that) he had to go to school every day. |
have to
He said, “I have to go to school every day.” | ||
should
He said, “I should go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
should
He said (that) he should go to school every day. |
ought to
He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
ought to
He said (that) he ought to go to school every day. |
While
not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to
provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or
reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the
examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or
reference book.
Some
other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask,
report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used
interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.
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please your comments, but still speaks in a polite. thank you . for your attention